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Fascism: A Very Short Introduction, by Kevin Passmore
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What is fascism? Is it revolutionary? Or is it reactionary? This book argues that it is both: fascism unleashes violence against the left and ethnic minorities, but also condemns the bourgeoisie for its "softness". Kevin Passmore opens his book with a series of "scenes from fascist life"--a secret meeting of the Romanian Iron Guard; Mussolini meeting the king of Italy; a rally of Hungarian doctors calling for restrictions on the number of Jews entering the profession. He then looks at the paradoxes of fascism through its origins in the political and social crisis of the late nineteenth century, the history of fascist movements and regimes in Italy and Germany, and the fortunes of "failed" fascist movements in Romania, Hungary and Spain. He shows how fascism employs propaganda and popular culture to propagate itself and how it exported its ideas outside Europe, through Nazi and Spanish post-war escape routes to Latin America. The book concludes with a discussion of the recent revival of the extreme right in Austria, Italy, France, and Russia.
- Sales Rank: #1055508 in Books
- Published on: 2002-11-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 4.40" h x .50" w x 6.90" l, .36 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 176 pages
Review
`'Kevin Passmore's excellent introduction to the subject succeeds on many levels [...] There are few books by a single author that deal with fascism as a generic phenomenon across the whole of Europe, especially one as concise as this, and as refreshingly free of jargon and the inevitable, interminable, typologies'' Tim Kirk, Times Literary Supplement
About the Author
Kevin Passmore is Lecturer in History at the University of Wales, Cardiff. His books include From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province, Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800, The French Right: A History, and Women, Gender and the Extreme Right in Europe, 1919-1945.
Most helpful customer reviews
23 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
A Clear Overview of a Complex Subject
By C. Middleton
When one considers the ideology of fascism many notions and images spring to mind: totalitarianism, nationalism, ultranationalism, racism, oppression, censorship, violence, Nazism, Para militarism, right wing conservatism, radicalism, eugenics and the Holocaust. As Kevin Passmore suggests, Fascism is all these things and not these things, as it has a mercurial nature. In fact, "...fascism, as Ortega y Gasset says, is always `A' and not `A'." (p.11)
Passmore devotes most of this text to the inter-war years where fascism manifested in its most blatant forms. Although Mussolini and Hitler have been labelled or are the most famous fascists in modern history, their brand of fascism, however, and how they developed, are quite different. For the most part, fascism is multi-layered and complex, as it attracts all genders, and people from all classes and political sensibilities. To define this elusive term, the author has attempted to reveal the specific historical context in which fascism, in its various forms, raised its head - and from these studies, similarities can be made.
What are the common denominators inclusive to fascism? According to Passmore, its central purpose is national unity. However it is a national unity in the way "they" define it. He goes on to write that all "isms", that is to say, feminism, socialism, communism, capitalism etc., particularly for the ultranationalism form of fascism, are rejected wholesale, as the entire nation must conform to the one ideal. Most common to fascism is the desire to rid their particular country of all foreigners, to ensure all aspects of social and economic life are controlled. Immigration is stopped totally and immigrants are either persuaded to leave the country or, in the case of the Nazis, exterminated. Moreover, Passmore believes that Fascist social policy, for example, "...is consciously shaped by ultranationalism, political discrimination, and racism." (p. 150)
Fascism today, Passmore suggests, continues to exist in its many forms across the globe, however, these political parties choose not to call themselves fascist as the term has too many negative connotations. The author prefers to call the new fascists, "national-populism", as they are essentially the rise of the extreme right, included in such countries as France, Denmark, Austria and the United States. In France, the far-right party, the French National Front, focuses on the "foreign elements" and the advance of socialism, feminism and immigration. Whereas in the United States, nation populism has manifested in the form of "militias", white supremacist who are radically against government regulation or intervention of any kind.
Although a brief overview of fascism and its whys and hows, for the most part, it is clearly written, easily understood despite its complex subject matter, and a text that makes the reader want to investigate further.
26 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
Concise yet profound
By Tron Honto
"Fascism has an enigmatic countenance because in it appears the most counterpoised contents. It asserts authoritarianism and organises rebellion. It fights against contemporary democracy and, on the other hand, does not believe in the restoration of any past rule. It seems to pose itself as the forge of a strong State, and uses means most conducive to its dissolution, as if it were a destructive faction or a secret society. Whichever way we approach fascism we find that it is simultaneously on thing and the contrary, it is A and not A."
Passmore's book takes the tone of this passage and writes his book re-affirming the above. He seems to masterfully handle all the problems and hazards of his study able to articulate a concept of fascism that makes room for both its modernity and anti-modernity. Not just an historical survey, it is also a presentation of common elements of a widespread ideology. This book is as fascinating as it is eye-opening. Very well-written.
16 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
far from the last word...
By danielx
In his noted 1944 essay, George Orwell argued that the term "fascism" lacked precise usage, and mainly was used as a term of abuse. Over 60 years later, "fascist" has become an epithet that is applied across the political spectrum, to Islamic theocrats, fundamentalist Christians, and the GW Bush presidency, not to mention Nazis, Marxists, and denizens of the KKK.
In this short but weighty contribution, historian Kevin Passmore explores the concept of fascism from the standpoints of history and political philosophy. He proposes an elaborate definition that distinguishes fascism from features of which it is often composed, including ultra-nationalism, anti-democratic populism, and authoritarian conservativism. Passmore then traces manifestations of fascism historically, in book chapters on Mussolini's Italy, Hitler's Germany, Franco's Spain, and Eastern Europe. He stops short of applying the term to contemporary right wing movements, for which he prefers the term "national populism." Subsequent chapters focus on the relationship of fascism to race, gender, and social class, and finally, to the current political scene.
Although carefully defined, Passmore's criteria for recognizing fascism seem unduly restrictive. Even historically "fascist" Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe do not quite meet his criteria. Likewise, his book does not consider extreme rightwing movements in Italy, France, the US, and Russia as fascist, on the grounds that they accept free market economy, and seek to exploit democracy for ethnic and ultra-nationalistic agendas rather than to overthrow it. Thus, a "national populist" movement would not be "fascist" until it succeeds at taking power, eliminating other political parties. However, radical rightwing movements that have not gained the power to impose their will on the public at large are hardly going to announce their anti-democratic objectives. After all, even the National Socialists in Germany used democratic election to gain power.
Passmore's book essentially restricts "fascism" to established states with state-run economies, ultra-nationalist agendas, and one-party rule. Yet in reality, a radical statist movement that has taken control of a government benefits from retaining the trappings of democracy, as a way to mollify its citizenry, if not the international community. Existence of more than one political party does not imply either a sharing of power, or a diversity of views and goals. (As an example, consider the many authoritarian states with opposition parties that are tolerated because they have no actual power). Likewise, no need exists for "paramilitary violence" (another of Passmore's criteria) when the government itself has assumed power to suspend habeas corpus, spy on its own citizenry without warrant, imprison them without trial, and have them tortured and executed. Nor is there any need for such a government to take control over a capitalist economy, when that economy serves a powerful military-industrial complex that lies under direct control of the state.
Finally, Passmore's restricted focus on nation states seems anachronistic, given that transnational movements and multinational institutions now pose some of the greatest threats to democratic values and governments. If the concept "fascism" is to have continued utility, surely it must be flexible enough to recognize changing times. Otherwise, we simply coin new terms like "neo-fascism" and "national populism" in a pedantic attempt at linguistic purity.
Clearly, Kevin Passmore's "Fascism" is thought-provoking, and offers much material for consideration. As a scholarly work, it takes a conservative approach to its subject, and succeeds more at explaining patterns of the past than at mapping concepts to serve our dangerous present and unpredictable future.
This book is fairly accessible to the general reader; as one of the "Very Short Introduction" series, it is meant for the lay public. It includes 12 gray-scale illustrations, and two useful maps.
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